Cannabis is a complex plant containing a rich array of chemical compounds, many of which are unique to the species. These compounds interact with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS) to produce a wide range of physiological and psychological effects. The primary active compounds in cannabis are known as cannabinoids and terpenes.
I. Primary Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are the most studied class of compounds in cannabis. The two most prominent are Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).
A. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)THC is the principal psychoactive component of cannabis. It achieves its mind-altering effects primarily by binding directly to the CB1 receptors located in the brain and central nervous system.
Component | Receptor Binding | Primary Effects |
|---|---|---|
THC | Primarily CB1 | Euphoria, altered sensory perception, increased appetite |
CBD is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid widely studied for its therapeutic potential. It primarily interacts with the ECS indirectly and is characterized by a low affinity for the CB1 and CB2 receptors.
Component | Receptor Interaction | Primary Effects |
|---|---|---|
CBD | Indirect/Low Affinity | Anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, anti-seizure |
II. Terpenes: The Aromatic Components
Terpenes are aromatic organic compounds found in many plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinct scent and flavor profiles of different cannabis strains (e.g., citrus, pine, skunk) and are believed to contribute to the overall effect of cannabis through what is known as the "entourage effect"—a synergy between cannabinoids and terpenes.
Common Terpenes and Associated Characteristics:
- Myrcene: Earthy, musky scent; often linked to sedative effects.
- Limonene: Citrus scent; frequently associated with mood elevation.
- Pinene: Pine scent; may aid in alertness.
- Linalool: Floral, spicy scent; associated with calming effects.
III. Effects on the Human Body
The physiological and psychological effects of cannabis are highly dependent on the concentration of the compounds, the method of consumption, and individual user tolerance.
A. Consumption MethodsThe method used to consume cannabis dictates both the onset and duration of its effects.
Method | Onset Time | Duration |
|---|---|---|
Inhalation | Minutes | 1–4 hours |
Oral Ingestion | 30–120 minutes | 4–8 hours |
Tinctures (Sublingual) | 15–45 minutes | 2–6 hours |