I. Plant Anatomy and Physical Components
The cannabis plant has several distinct parts, each with unique functions and containing varying concentrations of cannabinoids.
Component | Description | |
|---|---|---|
Cola (Bud) | The flower of the female plant, where the majority of cannabinoids are produced. These are the clusters of flowers at the end of the stems and branches. | |
Trichomes | Small, crystal-like resin glands found mainly on the flowers and sugar leaves. These produce and store the cannabinoids (like THC and CBD) and terpenes. | |
Pistil / Stigma | Hair-like structures that emerge from the calyx. They are originally white and change color (orange, red, brown) as the plant matures. Their primary function is to collect pollen. | |
Calyx | The small, leaf-like structures at the base of the flower that protect the seeds. When a female plant is unpollinated, the calyx forms the body of the bud. | |
Fan Leaves | The large leaves that collect sunlight and perform photosynthesis. They contain lower concentrations of cannabinoids compared to the buds. | |
Sugar Leaves | Small, trimmed leaves that grow out of the flower. They are often coated in trichomes and are sometimes used to make extracts. |
The therapeutic and psychoactive effects of cannabis are largely attributed to a class of compounds called cannabinoids and a separate class of aromatic compounds called terpenes.
A. CannabinoidsThese are the active chemical compounds unique to the cannabis plant that interact with the body's endocannabinoid system.
- THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol): The primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, responsible for the "high" sensation.
- CBD (Cannabidiol): A non-psychoactive cannabinoid known for its potential therapeutic benefits, such as anxiety and pain relief, without the euphoric effect.
- CBG (Cannabigerol): Often called the "mother cannabinoid" because other cannabinoids are synthesized from its acidic form (CBGA). It is typically found in low concentrations.
- CBN (Cannabinol): A mildly psychoactive cannabinoid that forms as THC degrades. It is often associated with sedative effects.
B. Terpenes
Terpenes are aromatic oils that give cannabis its distinct smell and flavor. They also interact with cannabinoids to modify their effects, a concept known as the "entourage effect."
- Myrcene: The most common terpene; known for its earthy, musky, and sometimes fruity scent. Found in mango and hops.
- Limonene: Features a distinct citrus aroma. Often associated with uplifting and stress-relieving effects. Found in citrus rinds.
- Caryophyllene: Known for its spicy, peppery, and woody scent. It is unique as it is also a cannabinoid-like molecule that interacts directly with CB2 receptors. Found in black pepper and cloves.
- Linalool: Offers a floral, lavender scent. Associated with calming and sedative effects. Found in lavender and birch bark.
III. Common Terminology
A glossary of terms frequently used within the cannabis industry and community.
Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Concentrate | Any product made by separating cannabinoids and terpenes from the plant material. Examples include oils, waxes, shatter, and live resin. |
Dabbing | The act of flash-vaporizing a cannabis concentrate on a hot surface and inhaling the vapor. |
Edible | A food or drink product infused with cannabinoids, usually THC or CBD, which is consumed orally. |
Sativa | A classification of cannabis generally associated with uplifting, energizing, and cerebral effects. |
Indica | A classification of cannabis generally associated with relaxing, sedative, and full-body effects. |
Hybrid | A cross-breed of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, combining traits from both. |
Strain | A genetic variation of cannabis with distinct characteristics in cannabinoid and terpene profiles, resulting in unique effects. |
Tincture | A liquid cannabis extract, typically made with alcohol or glycerin, designed for sublingual (under the tongue) administration. |