Cannabis Facts: Chemical Components and Effects

I. Introduction to Cannabis Chemistry

Cannabis contains a rich array of chemical compounds, many of which are unique to the plant. These compounds interact with the body's endocannabinoid system (ECS) to produce a wide range of physiological and psychological effects. The primary active compounds are known as cannabinoids and terpenes.

II. Primary Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are the most well-known class of compounds in cannabis. The two most studied are Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).

A. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

THC is the principal psychoactive component of cannabis. It binds directly to the CB1 receptors in the brain, which are responsible for its mind-altering effects.

Component	Receptor Binding	Primary Effects	Legal Status Note
THC	Primarily CB1	Euphoria, altered sensory perception, increased appetite	Varies by place

B. Cannabidiol (CBD)

CBD is non-intoxicating and is widely studied for its therapeutic potential. It primarily interacts with the ECS indirectly and has a low affinity for the CB1 and CB2 receptors.

Component	Receptor Interaction	Primary Effects	Research Status
CBD	Indirect/Low Affinity	Anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, anti-seizure	Ongoing trials.

III. Terpenes: Aroma and "The Entourage Effect"

Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinct scent and flavor profiles (e.g., citrus, pine, skunk) and are believed to contribute to the overall effect of cannabis through what is called the "entourage effect"—a synergy between cannabinoids and terpenes.

Common Terpenes and Associated Effects:

• Myrcene: Earthy, musky scent; believed to contribute to sedative effects.
• Limonene: Citrus scent; often associated with mood elevation.
• Pinene: Pine scent; may aid in alertness and memory.
• Linalool: Floral, spicy scent; associated with calming effects.

IV. Effects on the Human Body

The effects of cannabis depend heavily on the concentration of the compounds, the method of consumption, and individual user tolerance.

A. Short-Term Effects

Immediate effects typically occur within minutes of inhalation or up to two hours following ingestion.

• Cognitive: Impaired short-term memory, altered sense of time.
• Physical: Increased heart rate, reddening of the eyes, dry mouth.
• Psychological: Relaxation or, in high doses, anxiety/paranoia. If you experience adverse effects, seek medical advice.

B. Long-Term Effects and Risks

Research is ongoing into the long-term health implications of regular cannabis use. The risks are typically higher for individuals who begin use at a young age.

• Respiratory issues (from smoking).
• Potential for addiction or dependence.
• Risk of developing or exacerbating psychiatric disorders.

C. Consumption Methods

The method of consumption dictates the onset and duration of effects.

Method	Onset Time	Duration	Example
Inhalation	Minutes	1–4 hours	Vaping
Oral Ingestion	30–120 minutes	4–8 hours	Edible products
Tinctures (Sublingual)	15–45 minutes	2–6 hours	Drop under the tongue

V. Regulatory Landscape

Cannabis laws are evolving rapidly. Stay informed about the rules governing purchase and use in your area.